Research Discussion Papers, Bank of Finland
No 29/1996:
Who's Driving Wages in Finland? Or Is Anyone?
Timo Tyrväinen
Abstract: This study examines wage paths in the Finnish
manufacturing using the Johansen method in estimations. The empirical
results have the following implications.
i) Wage-wage links in the
Finnish manufacturing industry have been tight. In a longer perspective,
wages in the high-pay branches and low-pay branches have followed a common
path.
ii) An important characteristic of wage development in high-pay
branches has been the tendency to counteract any attempts to improve the
relative position of the low-pay branches with additional wage increases. A
major part of the adjustment through which earlier wage structures have
been restored has taken place within one year.
iii) The adjustment
process due to wage-wage links seems to have changed since the devaluation
of the markka in November 1991.
Result (ii) is of great interest for
Finland and the other Nordic countries. This is because in Northern Europe
wage settlements have been commonly designed to reduce wage differentials.
In the Scandinavian literature, these have often been called "solidarity"
or "solidaristic" type contracts.
The results imply that when wage
differentials have been compressed through institutional arrangements,
market forces have counteracted and nullified the effects on wage
structures. These forces include both local and branch-specific trade union
bodies as well as employers. Resulting wage adjustment has been so quick
that most of it must be attributable to wage drift. For analysis of the
Finnish inflation history it is of great interest to notice that efforts to
reduce wage differentials through incomes policy have led to additional
inflation. The earlier wage structures have been fully restored and only a
higher wage and price level - ie a loss in competitiveness - has remained.
Against the commonly held view, wages in the low-pay sector have, in a
sense, driven wages in the high-pay sector and "solidarity" in wage policy
seems to have been part of the national behavioural model characterized by
high inflation and repeated devaluations. In recent years, a change in this
process appears to have taken place. Whether this is actually an indication
of some profound change in wage-wage links remains to be seen.
Keywords: wage determination; wage differentials; wage-wage links; solidaristic wage contracts; (follow links to similar papers)
25 pages, December 19, 1996
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