Scandinavian Working Papers in Economics
DaCHE discussion papers,
University of Southern Denmark, Dache - Danish Centre for Health Economics
No 2018:2: Public health, healthcare, health and inequality in health in the Nordic countries
Terkel Christiansen (), Jørgen T. Lauridsen (), Mathias Kifmann (), Carl Hampus Lyttkens (), Thorhildur Ólafsdóttir () and Hannu Valtonen ()
Additional contact information
Terkel Christiansen: University of Southern Denmark, COHERE - Centre of Health Economics Research, Postal: Department of Business and Economics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
Jørgen T. Lauridsen: University of Southern Denmark, COHERE - Centre of Health Economics Research, Postal: Department of Business and Economics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
Mathias Kifmann: Hamburg Center for Health Economics, Postal: Universität Hamburg, Germany
Carl Hampus Lyttkens: Department of Economis, Postal: University of Lund, Sweden
Thorhildur Ólafsdóttir: Faculty of Business Administration, Postal: University of Iceland
Hannu Valtonen: Department of Social and Health Management, Postal: University of Eastern Finland
Abstract: All five Nordic countries emphasize equal and easy access to healthcare, assuming that increased access to healthcare leads to increased health. It is the purpose of the present study to explore to which extent the populations of these countries have reached good health and a high degree of socio-economic equality in health. Each of the five countries has established extensive public health programmes, although with somewhat different measures to increase health of the populations. We compare these countries to the UK and Germany by using data from the European Social Survey for 2002 and 2012 in addition to OECD statistics for the same years. Health is measured by self-assessed health in five categories, which is transformed to a cardinal scale using Swedish time trade-off (TTO) weights. As socio-economic measures we use household income and length of education. Socio-economic inequality in health is elicited in two ways. First, we show social gradients by comparing the percentage of respondents in the lower income group reporting good or very good health to the corresponding rates in the upper income group. Second, we show concentration indices of socio-economic related inequality in health. Everything else kept equal, good health and the size of the concentration index are negatively associated by definition. In 2012, mean health, based on Swedish weights applied to all countries, is above 0.93 in all the Nordic countries and the UK, but lower in Germany. Each of the Nordic countries have introduced centrally initiated comprehensive public health programmes to increase health and reduce socio-economic inequalities in health. In general, the Nordic countries have achieved good health for their populations as well as a high degree of socioeconomic equality in health. Improvements in life-style related determinants of health are possible, however.
Keywords: International comparison of health systems; health status; inequality in health
51 pages, March 1, 2018
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